Challenges in Asset and Liability Valuation: Bridging Fair Value and Historical Cost Accounting

In contemporary economic environments, the valuation of assets and liabilities plays a critical role in financial reporting, influencing investor confidence, regulatory decisions, and systemic stability. This paper examines the complexities inherent in asset valuation, particularly through the contrasting lenses of fair value and historical cost accounting from existing secondary data from academic literature, regulatory standards, and empirical studies. While fair value accounting provides real-time asset valuations, it often introduces market volatility and heightens systemic risk, especially during economic downturns. Historical cost, by contrast, offers stability by valuing assets at acquisition cost but fails to reflect changing market conditions. Key case studies, such as the 2008 financial crisis, highlight the risks of fair value’s market-driven valuations, which can amplify declines in asset values during periods of market distress. Additionally, the rise of complex asset types, including intangibles and digital assets, further challenges traditional valuation methods, complicating both fair value and historical cost applications. Through an analysis of existing literature and historical data, this study explores the implications of these valuation approaches on financial stability, investor transparency, and market dynamics. The findings suggest a need for a hybrid approach that combines elements of both fair value and historical cost accounting, to better align asset values with economic realities while mitigating excessive volatility. This balanced framework aims to enhance the reliability of financial reporting and offers policy recommendations for refining valuation standards in light of evolving market complexities.