Natural Enemies as Guardians of Crop Ecosystem with Special Emphasis on Rice and Cotton

Natural enemies, including predators, parasitoids, and pathogens, play a crucial role in the regulation of pest populations within agricultural ecosystems. This review examines the role of these biological control agents in maintaining the health and productivity of crop systems, with a specific focus on rice and cotton. In rice ecosystems, natural enemies such as spiders, dragonflies, and various insect parasitoids help manage pest populations like the rice stem borer and the planthopper. Similarly, in cotton crops, natural predators and parasitoids contribute to the control of key pests including the cotton bollworm and aphids. By integrating these natural enemies into pest management strategies, farmers can reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, enhance biodiversity, and promote sustainable agriculture. This review highlights the mechanisms through which these natural enemies operate, the benefits they provide to crop ecosystems, and case studies illustrating successful applications. The major emphasis is placed on understanding the interactions between these biological control agents and their environments, and how these relationships can be optimized to support resilient crop production systems and to manage these pests in cotton and rice crops.